The Changing Climate: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptive Pathways in the 21st Century
doi.org/10.63339/FME20250902
Keywords:
Climate change, global warming, adaptation, mitigation, environmental impacts, socioeconomic risksAbstract
Climate change is among the characteristic issues of the 21st century that have impacted the environmental, economic, and social systems across the world. This paper summarizes recent findings about perceived changes, expected effects, and response measures. It analyzes how the physical aspect varies, the ecological reaction, human health and economic effects, and provides mitigation and adaptation routes. Colorful graphics indicate patterns of temperature increase, change of sea level, sectoral effects, and suggested adaptation. Results highlight the necessity to take a more severe approach of mitigation, increased adaptation, and global collaboration.References
[1] IPCC, Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, 2023.
[2] NASA, Global Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet, 2024.
[3] NOAA, Global Climate Report - Annual 2024, National Centers for Environmental Information, 2025.
[4] J. Hansen et al., "Global temperature trends: 1880–2024," J. Climate Sci., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 123–145, 2025.
[5] M. Smith and L. Jones, "Socioeconomic impacts of climate change," Environ. Econ. Rev., vol. 52,
pp. 45–67, 2024.
[6] Berkeley Earth, Land/Ocean Temperature Index, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://berkeleyearth.org/
[7] C. Cazenave and W. Llovel, "Contemporary Sea level rise," Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 1–20, 2018.
[8] T. Knutson et al., "Tropical cyclones and climate change," Nat. Geosci., vol. 11, pp. 191–199, 2018.
[9] D. Parmesan, "Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change," Annu. Rev. Ecol., Evol. Syst., vol. 37, pp. 637–669, 2006.
[10] S. Hoegh-Guldberg et al., "Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems," Science, vol. 318,
pp. 1737–1742, 2007.
[11] R. S. Tol, "Economic impacts of climate change," J. Econ. Perspect., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 29–51, 2009.
[12] World Bank, The Macroeconomic Implications of Climate Change, 2024.
[13] A. Ebi and K. Semenza, "Health risks due to climate change," Lancet, vol. 367, pp. 859–869, 2006.
[14] UNHCR, Climate Change and Disaster Displacement, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.unhcr.org/
[15] S. P. Simon et al., "Adaptation strategies to climate change," Environ. Manage., vol. 64, pp. 1–20, 2019.
[16] M. Meinshausen et al., "Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5°C in the 21st century," Nat. Clim. Change, vol. 4, pp. 806–815, 2014.
